![]() The term "4WD" is typically designated for vehicles equipped with a transfer case that switches between 2WD and 4WD operating modes, either manually or automatically. In the North American market, the term generally refers to a system optimized for off-road driving conditions. Center transfer case sending power from the transmission to the rear axle (right) and front axle (left) 4WD įour-wheel drive (4WD) refers to vehicles with two axles providing torque to four axle ends. military would typically use spaces and a capital 'X' – as "4 X 2" or "6 X 4". If this vehicle were a truck with dual rear wheels on two rear axles, so actually having ten wheels, its configuration would still be formulated as 6x4. Similarly, a 6×4 vehicle has three axles, two of which provide torque to two axle ends each. Accordingly, 4×2 means a four-wheel vehicle that transmits engine torque to only two axle ends: the front two in front-wheel drive or the rear two in rear-wheel drive. Syntactically, the first figure indicates the total number of axle ends and the second indicates the number of axle ends that are powered. ![]() "Four-by-four" or "4×4" is frequently used to refer to a class of vehicles in general. SAE International's standard J1952 recommends only the term "all-wheel drive" with additional subclassifications that cover all types of AWD/4WD/4x4 systems found on production vehicles. The terms used by various manufacturers often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems. There is no universally accepted set of terminology that describes the various architectures and functions. However, "four-wheel drive" typically refers to a set of specific components and functions, and intended off-road application, which generally complies with modern use of the terminology.įour-wheel-drive systems were developed in many different markets and used in many different vehicle platforms. ![]() It may be full-time or on-demand, and is typically linked via a transfer case providing an additional output drive shaft and, in many instances, additional gear ranges.Ī four-wheel drive vehicle with torque supplied to both axles is described as "all-wheel drive" (AWD). ![]() The Jeep Wrangler (pictured is a TJ Wrangler) is a 4WD vehicle with a transfer case to select low-range or high-range four-wheel drive.įour-wheel drive, also called 4×4 ("four by four") or 4WD, refers to a two-axled vehicle drivetrain capable of providing torque to all of its wheels simultaneously. For other uses, see Four by four (disambiguation) and Four-wheel drive (disambiguation). ![]()
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